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| RADAR Technology; news and updates | |
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| Tweet Topic Started: Mon Jun 2, 2014 4:18 pm (1,355 Views) | |
| Flipzi | Mon Jun 2, 2014 4:18 pm Post #1 |
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R.A.T.S.
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![]() Radar of the type used for detection of aircraft. It rotates steadily sweeping the airspace with a narrow beam. Wikipedia photo RADAR Technoogy Radar (acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging) is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves that bounce off any object in their path. The object returns a tiny part of the wave's energy to a dish or antenna that is usually located at the same site as the transmitter. Radar was secretly developed by several nations before and during World War II. The term RADAR itself, not the actual development, was coined in 1940 by the United States Navy as an acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging. The term radar has since entered English and other languages as the common noun radar, losing all capitalization. The modern uses of radar are highly diverse, including air traffic control, radar astronomy, air-defense systems, antimissile systems; marine radars to locate landmarks and other ships; aircraft anticollision systems; ocean surveillance systems, outer space surveillance and rendezvous systems; meteorological precipitation monitoring; altimetry and flight control systems; guided missile target locating systems; and ground-penetrating radar for geological observations. High tech radar systems are associated with digital signal processing and are capable of extracting useful information from very high noise levels. Other systems similar to radar make use of other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. One example is "lidar", which uses visible light from lasers rather than radio waves. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar ![]() the ultra-modern PAVE PAWS Radar at Clear AFS, Alaska. With range up to thousands of Kilometers and used to detect ballistic missiles and other airborne threats. Wikipedia photo ![]() Coverage of PAVE PAWS is shown in blue. This complements the coverage provided by the BMEWS system in red. Both report back to Cheyenne Mountain Air Base in Colorado. Wikipedia photo Principles (How objects are detected) A radar system has a transmitter that emits radio waves called radar signals in predetermined directions. When these come into contact with an object they are usually reflected or scattered in many directions. Radar signals are reflected especially well by materials of considerable electrical conductivity—especially by most metals, by seawater and by wet lands. Some of these make the use of radar altimeters possible. The radar signals that are reflected back towards the transmitter are the desirable ones that make radar work. If the object is moving either toward or away from the transmitter, there is a slight equivalent change in the frequency of the radio waves, caused by the Doppler effect. Radar receivers are usually, but not always, in the same location as the transmitter. Although the reflected radar signals captured by the receiving antenna are usually very weak, they can be strengthened by electronic amplifiers. More sophisticated methods of signal processing are also used in order to recover useful radar signals. The weak absorption of radio waves by the medium through which it passes is what enables radar sets to detect objects at relatively long ranges—ranges at which other electromagnetic wavelengths, such as visible light, infrared light, and ultraviolet light, are too strongly attenuated. Such weather phenomena as fog, clouds, rain, falling snow, and sleet that block visible light are usually transparent to radio waves. Certain radio frequencies that are absorbed or scattered by water vapor, raindrops, or atmospheric gases (especially oxygen) are avoided in designing radars, except when their detection is intended. Radar relies on its own transmissions rather than light from the Sun or the Moon, or from electromagnetic waves emitted by the objects themselves, such as infrared wavelengths (heat). This process of directing artificial radio waves towards objects is called illumination, although radio waves are invisible to the human eye or optical cameras. MORE HERE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar References: Doppler Effect http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect Radar http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar Radio wave http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_waves Long Range Air Search Radars http://w11.zetaboards.com/NDSFP/topic/10057740/1/ Edited by Flipzi, Mon Jun 2, 2014 4:40 pm.
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Alfred Alexander L. Marasigan Manila, Philippines getflipzi@yahoo.com http://z6.invisionfree.com/flipzi " Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them!" " People don't care what we know until they know we care." | |
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| Flipzi | Mon Jun 2, 2014 5:11 pm Post #2 |
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R.A.T.S.
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MODERN AIR DEFENSE RADARS![]() ELM-2288 - AD-STAR - Air Defense & Air Traffic Control Radar Air Defense radars used by the military for detectng airborne threats. Range of this particular model is 480Km maximum (radius) photo credit: IAI Elta ![]() TPS-77 model PHOTO: AN/TPS-77 - Designed to be a multi-mission radar, the TPS-77 incorporates the best TPS-59 and FPS-117 features to create an economical, high performing radar that can be transported via C-130, C-17, truck, rail or helicopter. ‘The TPS-77 is the latest configuration of the world’s most successful 3-D solid-state radar design. This transportable radar provides continuous high-quality 3-D surveillance on aircraft targets at ranges out to 250 nautical miles.’ The TPS-77 shares commonality with the FPS-117 radar with regards to maintenance activity and line replaceable units, and many of the systems have performed for long durations unmanned in remote areas and in a wide range of operational environments. http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/ground-based-air-surveillance.html RADARS FOR TRAFFIC CONTROL ![]() Air Traffic Control radars used for managing air traffic for airports. credit to photo owner ![]() Radar screen for an Air Traffic Control radar used for managing air traffic for airports. This radar is located in Tagaytay, used jointly by ATO and PAF. (credit to photo owners) ![]() Radar domes at Wallace Air Station in La Union (credit to photo owner). A similar radar system was installed in Ilocos Norte and other sites. Paredes Air Station 581st ACWG - Pasuquin, Ilocos Norte http://w11.zetaboards.com/NDSFP/topic/10307271/ Gozar Air Station 582nd ACWG - Lubang Island, Mindoro http://w11.zetaboards.com/NDSFP/topic/10308081/ Wallace Air Station USAF 848th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron http://w11.zetaboards.com/NDSFP/topic/10252403/ Long Range Air Search Radars (procurement program) http://w11.zetaboards.com/NDSFP/topic/10057740/ Edited by Flipzi, Mon Jun 2, 2014 7:17 pm.
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Alfred Alexander L. Marasigan Manila, Philippines getflipzi@yahoo.com http://z6.invisionfree.com/flipzi " Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them!" " People don't care what we know until they know we care." | |
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| Flipzi | Mon Jun 2, 2014 5:14 pm Post #3 |
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R.A.T.S.
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RADARS USED BY MARITIME SHIPS Marine Radar Display as part of an integrated bridge system. (Wikipedia photo) Typical marine radar antenna on the stern of a small boat. It rotates on a vertical axis, scanning 360° of azmuth about every 2 seconds. It radiates a narrow vertical fan-shaped beam of microwaves horizontally toward the horizon, perpendicular to the long axis of the antenna. (Wikipedia photo) Marine Radar Marine radars are x-band or s-band radar to provide bearing and distance of ships and land targets in vicinity from own ship (radar scanner) for collision avoidance and navigation at sea. Radar is a vital component for safety at sea and near the shore. Captains need to be able to maneuver theirs ships within feet in the worst of conditions and to be able to navigate "blind". This means inside a dark room with no visibility they need to safely navigate their way through waters in the worst of weather. Radars are rarely used alone in a marine setting. In commercial ships, they are integrated into a full system of marine instruments including chartplotters, sonar, two-way radio communication devices, and emergency locators (SART). The integration of these devices is very important as it becomes quite distracting to look at several different screens. Therefore, displays can often overlay charting, radar, sonar into a single system. This gives the captain unprecedented instrumentation to maneuver the ship. With digital backbones, these devices have advanced greatly in the last years. For example, the newer ones have 3D displays that allow you to see above, below and all around the ship, including overlays of satellite imaging. In port or in harbour, shore-based vessel traffic service radar systems are used to monitor and regulate ship movements in busy waters. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_radar ![]() Maritime ship's Surface Search radars for navigation. credit to photo owners ![]() screen for Maritime ship's radar. credit to photo owners ![]() Coastwatch System surface search radar for ship traffic monitoring. credit to photo owners More about the Coast Watch System http://w11.zetaboards.com/NDSFP/topic/10042378/ ![]() ![]() MK92 System The Mk 92 system assigns targets via the ship's air search radar, and surface search radar or from the MK 92's own search radar capabilities. The system has two or three radar sub-systems depending on the model. The first two are combined into a single system called the Combined Antenna System or CAS is used in all models. The CAS has a track while scan radar (Search) and a tracking radar both housed in an egg shaped radome. The radars can search for, track, and illuminate targets. There is also a third radar for target illumination referred to as the Separate Target Illumination Radar or STIR. The STIR is a radar developed from the AN/SPG-60 radar that is part of the Mk 86 gun fire control system. Source http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mk_92_Guided_Missile_Fire_Control_System VIDEO of MK92 FCS during the test-firing of the Oto Melara gun of the BRP Ramon Alcaraz Link http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FxUMcSJtxcw ![]() USCG WHEC, sister-ship of BRP Goyo and BRP Monching. credit to photo owners. In this photo, the rear mast carries an AIR SEARCH RADAR for detecting aircrafts. All Hamilton-class ships have this but it was removed before the BRP Gregorio del Pilar and BRP Ramon Alcaraz were transferred to the Philippines. The 2 ships must be rearmed with this air search radar to complement the land-based radars. More about the Hamilton WHECs http://w11.zetaboards.com/NDSFP/topic/9184038/ Edited by Flipzi, Mon Jun 2, 2014 5:33 pm.
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Alfred Alexander L. Marasigan Manila, Philippines getflipzi@yahoo.com http://z6.invisionfree.com/flipzi " Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them!" " People don't care what we know until they know we care." | |
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| Flipzi | Mon Jun 2, 2014 7:27 pm Post #4 |
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R.A.T.S.
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This Air Traffic Control radar based in Tagaytay that's using a line-of-sight signal was reaching more than 400Kilometers. Modern military radars such as the Israeli ELM-2288ER AD-STAR Air Defense & Air Traffic Control Radar can reach up to 480Km. See photo; ![]() ELM-2288ER AD-STAR |
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Alfred Alexander L. Marasigan Manila, Philippines getflipzi@yahoo.com http://z6.invisionfree.com/flipzi " Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them!" " People don't care what we know until they know we care." | |
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| Flipzi | Mon Jun 2, 2014 8:20 pm Post #5 |
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R.A.T.S.
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Over-The-Horizon Radar or OTH or BTH (beyond the horizon)![]() U.S. Navy Relocatable Over-the-Horizon Radar station. Wikipedia photo ![]() modern OTH facility. photo credit: Lockheed Martin ![]() U.S. Navy Relocatable Over-the-Horizon Radar station. Wikipedia photo - Over the horizon radars uses High Frequencies (HF 3-30Mhz) compared to microwave radars - Over the horizon radars are for early warning versus targets at thousands of kilometers away. - This makes the backscatter system almost useless for target engagement, although this sort of accuracy is more than adequate for the early warning role. - Such system require a huge area to set up the array. Usually, the coverage is not 360 degrees (compared to microwave radars) since the array is fixed. - The United States Air Force Rome Laboratory had the first U.S. success with their AN/FPS-118 OTH-B.[1] A prototype with a 1 MW transmitter and a separate receiver was installed in Maine, offering coverage over a 60 degree arc between 900 and 3,300 km. A permanent transmitting facility was then built at Moscow AFS, a receiving facility at Columbia Falls AFS, and an operational center between them in Bangor, Maine. The coverage could be extended with additional receivers, providing for complete coverage over a 180-degree arc (each 60 degree portion known as a "sector"). See photo; ![]() Coverage of the U.S. Over-the-Horizon Backscatter (OTH-B) radars stationed in Maine and Oregon. ==License== Immediate source: http://www.eyeball-series.org/othb-eyeball.htm Ultimate source: NOAA {{PD-USGov-NOAA} Wikipedia - With the end of the Cold War, the influence of the two senators from Maine was not enough to save the operation and the Alaska and southern-facing sites were canceled, the two so-far completed western sectors and the eastern ones were turned off and placed in "warm storage," allowing them to be used again if needed. - A final decision was made to remove all radar equipment at the west coast sector's transmitter site outside Christmas Valley, Oregon and its receiver site near Tulelake, California. This work was completed by July 2007 with the demolition and removal of the antenna arrays, leaving the buildings, fences and utility infrastructure at each site intact. See image; Over-the-horizon radar, or OTH (sometimes also beyond the horizon, or BTH), is a type of radar system with the ability to detect targets at very long ranges, typically up to thousands of kilometres. Several OTH radar systems were deployed starting in the 1950s and 1960s as part of early warning radar systems, but these have generally been replaced by airborne early warning systems instead. OTH radars have recently been making something of a comeback, as the need for accurate long-range tracking becomes less important with the ending of the Cold War, and less-expensive ground based radars are once again being considered for roles such as maritime reconnaissance and drug enforcement. Full detail: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-horizon_radar References: Lockheed Martin: Over-the-Horizon Radar: A Better Way to Watch the Skies http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/100years/stories/jorn.html Jindalee Operational Radar Network http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jindalee_Operational_Radar_Network Over-the-horizon radar http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-horizon_radar Edited by Flipzi, Mon Jun 2, 2014 8:28 pm.
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Alfred Alexander L. Marasigan Manila, Philippines getflipzi@yahoo.com http://z6.invisionfree.com/flipzi " Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them!" " People don't care what we know until they know we care." | |
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| Flipzi | Mon Jun 2, 2014 8:37 pm Post #6 |
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R.A.T.S.
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Jindalee Operational Radar Network The Jindalee Operational Radar Network (JORN) is an over-the-horizon radar (OTHR) network that can monitor air and sea movements across 37,000 km2. It has an official range of 3,000 km. It is used in the defence of Australia and can also monitor maritime operations, wave heights and wind directions. History The roots of the JORN can be traced back to post World War II experiments in the United States and a series of Australian experiments beginning in the early 1950s. From July 1970 a study was undertaken; this resulted in a proposal for a program to be carried out, in three phases, to develop an over-the-horizon-radar system. Geebung Phase 1, Project Geebung, aimed to define operational requirements for an over-the-horizon-radar (OTHR), and study applicable technologies and techniques. The project carried out a series of ionospheric soundings evaluating the suitability of the ionosphere for the operation of an OTHR. Jindalee Phase 2, Project Jindalee, aimed at proving the feasibility and costing of OTHR. This second phase was carried out by the Radar Division, (later, the High Frequency Radar Division), of the Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO). Project Jindalee came into being during the period 1972-1974 and was divided into three stages. Stage 'A' commenced in April 1974. It involved the construction of a prototype radar receiver at Mount Everard, (near Alice Springs), a transmitter (at Harts Range, 160 km away) and a beacon in Derby. When completed (in October 1976) the Stage A radar ran for two years, closing in December 1978. Stage A formally ended in February 1979, having achieved its mission of proving the feasibility of OTHR. The success of stage A resulted in the construction of a larger stage 'B' radar, drawing on the knowledge gained from stage A. Stage 'B' commenced on 6 July 1978. The new radar was constructed next to the stage A radar. Developments during stage B included real time signal processing, custom built processors, larger antenna arrays, and higher power transmitters, which resulted in a more sensitive and capable radar. - The first data was received by stage B in the period April-May 1982, - the first ship was detected in January 1983, - and an aircraft was automatically tracked in February 1984. Trials were carried out with the Royal Australian Air Force during April 1984, substantially fulfilling the mission of stage B, to demonstrate an OTHR operating in Australia. Another two years of trials were carried out before the Jindalee project officially finished in December 1985. Stage 'C' became the conversion of the stage B radar to an operational radar. This stage saw substantial upgrades to the stage B equipment followed by the establishment of No. 1 Radar Surveillance Unit RAAF (1RSU) and the handover of the radar to 1RSU. The aim was to provide the Australian Defence Force with operational experience of OTHR. JORN Phase 3 Phase 3 of the OTHR program was the design and construction of the JORN. The decision to build the JORN was announced in October 1986. Telstra, in association with GEC-Marconi, became the prime contractor and a fixed price contract for the construction of the JORN was signed on 11 June 1991. The JORN was to be completed by 13 June 1997.[2] Phase 3 Project problems Telstra was responsible for software development and systems integration, areas in which it had no previous experience. GEC-Marconi was responsible for the HF Radar and related software aspects of the project, areas in which it had no previous experience.[3] Other unsuccessful tenderers for the project included experienced Australian software development and systems integration company, BHP IT, and experienced Australian defence contractor AWA Defence Industries (AWADI). Both of these companies are no longer in business. By 1996 the project was experiencing technical difficulties and cost overruns. Telstra reported an A$609 million loss and announced that it could not guarantee a delivery date. The failed Telstra contract prompted the project to enter a fourth phase. Phase 4 Phase 4 involved the completion of the JORN and its subsequent maintenance using a new contractor. In February 1997 Lockheed Martin and Tenix received a contract to deliver and manage the JORN. Subsequently during June 1997 Lockheed and Tenix formed the company RLM Group to handle the joint venture.An operational radar system was delivered in April 2003, with maintenance contracted to continue until February 2007. Phase 5 As a consequence of the duration of its construction, the JORN delivered in 2003 was designed to a specification developed in the early 1990s. During this period the Alice Springs radar had evolved significantly under the guidance of the Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO). In February 2004 a fifth phase of the JORN project was approved. Phase 5 aimed to upgrade the Laverton and Longreach radars to reflect over a decade of OTHR research and development. It was scheduled to run until approximately the year 2011. Phase 6 "Future upgrade requirements for JORN are being considered as part of Joint Project 2025 Phase 6 and will not be decided until 2016-2017." MORE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jindalee_Operational_Radar_Network ![]() Jindalee Operational Radar Network (JORN) area of operation. Wikipedia photo Related: Lockheed Martin: Over-the-Horizon Radar: A Better Way to Watch the Skies http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/100years/stories/jorn.html Edited by Flipzi, Mon Jun 2, 2014 8:39 pm.
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Alfred Alexander L. Marasigan Manila, Philippines getflipzi@yahoo.com http://z6.invisionfree.com/flipzi " Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them!" " People don't care what we know until they know we care." | |
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| Flipzi | Mon Jun 2, 2014 8:46 pm Post #7 |
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R.A.T.S.
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PAVE PAWS RADAR SYSTEM Posted 4/15/2013 Mission The U.S. Air Force maintains five PAVE Phased Array Warning System (PAWS) Early Warning Radars (EWR). These radars are capable of detecting ballistic missile attacks and conducting general space surveillance and satellite tracking. The acronym PAVE is a military program identification code. They are able to detect and track both intercontinental and sea-launched missile threats. Early warning and attack characterization data is sent to the United States' Missile Warning and Space Control Centers, the U.S. National Military Command Center and U.S. Strategic Command. Satellite tracking data is sent to the Joint Space Operations Center (JSpOC) for processing. Three systems have been modified to Upgraded Early Warning Radar (UEWR) status. They are located at Beale Air Force Base, Calif., Thule Air Force Base, Greenland and Fylingdales, England. The Fylingdales system is operated by the British Royal Air Force. The UEWR systems have a co-primary mission to provide missile tracking data to the U.S. Missile Defense Agency (MDA) GMD Fire Control Center (GFC/C). The other two systems are located at Cape Cod Air Force Station, Mass., and Clear Air Force Base, Alaska. Features The unique aspect of the radars is their phased array antenna technology. The systems differ from mechanical radars, which must be physically aimed at an object for tracking and observation. The phased array antenna remains in a fixed position. Phased array antenna aiming, or beam steering, is done in millionths of a second by electronically controlling the timing, or phase, of the incoming and outgoing signals. Controlling the phase through the many segments of the antenna system allows the beam to be rapidly projected in different directions. This allows interweaving of tracking pulses with surveillance pulses, allowing tracking of multiple targets while maintaining the surveillance responsibility. Background A phased array antenna, as with any other directional antenna, will receive signals from space only in the direction in which the beam is aimed. The maximum practical deflection on either side of antenna center of the phased array beam is 60 degrees. This limits the coverage from a single antenna face to 120 degrees. To provide surveillance across the horizon, the building housing the entire system and supporting the antenna arrays is constructed in the shape of a triangle. The two building faces supporting the arrays, each covering 120 degrees, will monitor 240 degrees of azimuth. The array faces are also tilted back 20 degrees to allow for an elevation deflection from three to 85 degrees above horizontal. The Fylingdales system uses a three-faced phased array for a full 360 degrees of azimuth coverage. The radar system is capable of detecting and tracking multiple targets that would be indicative of a massive missile attack. The system must rapidly discriminate between vehicle types, calculate their launch and impact points, and perform scheduling, data processing and communications requirements. The operation is semi-automatic and requires highly trained personnel for monitoring, maintenance, prioritization, scheduling, and as a final check of the validity of warnings. Four different computers communicate with each other from the heart of the system, which relays the information to Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station and Missile Defense forward users. (Current as of March 2013) Point of Contact: Air Force Space Command, Public Affairs Office; 150 Vandenberg St., Suite 1105; Peterson AFB, Colo., 80914-4500; DSN 692-3731, or (719) 554-3731; Fax (719) 554-6013. More: http://www.afspc.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=3656 ![]() The PAVE PAWS Radar at Clear AFS, Alaska - Wikipedia photo ![]() Coverage of PAVE PAWS is shown in blue. This complements the coverage provided by the BMEWS system in red. Both report back to Cheyenne Mountain Air Base in Colorado. - Wikipedia photo A Radar screen for the PAVE PAWS at Cape Cod AFS, 1986. - Wikipedia photo References: AN/FPS-115 PAVE PAWS Radar http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/pavepaws.htm Wikipedia: PAVE PAWS http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAVE_PAWS |
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Alfred Alexander L. Marasigan Manila, Philippines getflipzi@yahoo.com http://z6.invisionfree.com/flipzi " Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them!" " People don't care what we know until they know we care." | |
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| Flipzi | Mon Jun 2, 2014 8:49 pm Post #8 |
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R.A.T.S.
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AN/FPS-115 PAVE PAWS Radar![]() Specifications Peak Power 1,792 active elements at 325 watts = 582.4 kilowatts (kW) Duty Factor 25% (11% search, 14% track) Average Power 145.6 kW Effective Transmit Gain 37.92 decibel (dB) Active Radar Diameter 22.1 meters Frequency 420 megahertz (MHz) to 450 MHz Radar Detection Range 5,556 kilometers (3,000 nautical miles) Wavelength 0.69 meters at 435 MHz Sidelobes -20 dB (first), -30 dB (second), -38 dB (root mean square) Face Tilt20 degrees Number of Faces 2 3 dB Beam Width 2.2 degrees http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/pavepaws.htm ![]() Source: http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/pavepaws.htm Edited by Flipzi, Mon Jun 2, 2014 8:50 pm.
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Alfred Alexander L. Marasigan Manila, Philippines getflipzi@yahoo.com http://z6.invisionfree.com/flipzi " Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them!" " People don't care what we know until they know we care." | |
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| Flipzi | Mon Jun 2, 2014 8:53 pm Post #9 |
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R.A.T.S.
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NEWS: Air Force moving forward with potential upgrades to PAVE PAWS, BMEWS, and PARCS missile-defense radar Feb. 2013 U.S. Air Force planners are wrapping up the first phase of what may become a long-term project to modernize and upgrade three ageing ground-based ballistic missile warning radar systems known as PAVE PAWS, BMEWS, and PARCS. This initiative, which results from a request for information (solicitation number: 01262012) last year may lead to a project to upgrade radar front-end equipment on PAVE PAWS, BMEWS, and PARCS such as radar receivers, exciters, and beam steering units. The size of the strategic radar systems upgrade -- if it actually comes to pass -- would depend on how much money the Air Force has to spend on it, which likely won't be much, experts say. PAVE PAWS is short for Phased Array Warning System; BMEWS is the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System; and PARCS is the Perimeter Acquisition Radar Attack Characterization System. The latest step in upgrading the missile-warning radar systems, called an early engineering effort, involves an attempt by the Air Force Electronic Systems Center (ESC) at Hanscom Air Force Base, Mass., to identify defense companies that could oversee or contribute to systems upgrades and technology insertion on these radar systems. ESC officials are scheduled soon to submit a report to Air Force Space Command at Peterson Air Force Base, Colo., to present a status report on the condition of the radar systems, as well as to put forth options on potential upgrades and technology insertion. If a formal industry solicitation results from this early engineering effort to upgrade PAVE PAWS, BMEWS, and PARCS, it mostly likely would not be issued for perhaps more than a year, experts say. A solicitation most likely would come from Air Force Materiel Command at Hanscom. Should the Air Force move ahead with a major upgrade initiative for the strategic radar systems, it would involve technology refresh for the front-end and remoting capabilities. The PARCS upgrade project may require technology insertion for the back-end processing capabilities that will support front-end modernization. PAVE PAWS and BMEWS will have received significant upgrades to their data- and signal-processing subsystems by 2016 in separate efforts. Such a major upgrade and technology-insertion program could be large and expensive. Some of these legacy radar sites have been around for 30 to 40 years, and their front ends essentially never have been touched, experts say. One contractor familiar with the systems says component failures are happing in the old radar systems "left, right, and center." The central issue with the radars, however, involves component obsolescence rather than component and subsystem failures. One expert familiar with the systems says PAVE PAWS, BMEWS, and PARCS sites "are still in really shape. They are built like tanks." To date, the ITT Exelis Electronic Systems segment in Clifton, N.J., is the prime sustainment and modernization contractor for these radar systems. PAVE PAWS is a ground-based radar system that provides U.S. Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) at Offutt Air Force Base near Omaha, Neb., with warning and attack-assessment information on all intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) launched throughout the world that might be headed for U.S. territory. BMEWS, meanwhile, is a ground-based radar system that helps warn USSTRATCOM and NATO authorities of submarine- and sea-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) attacks and provides data to help evaluate the severity of ballistic missile attacks. PARCS is a large radar installation in North Dakota that provides ballistic missile warning and attack assessment, as well as space surveillance data to the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) Peterson Air Force Base, Colo., as well as to USSTRATCOM and regional combatant commanders. PARCS monitors and tracks more than half of all Earth-orbiting objects with its AN/FPQ-16 phased-array radar system pointed northward over Hudson Bay, and analyzes more than 20,000 tracks per day, from giant satellites to space debris. PARCS was built in the early 1970s, and its signal processing has received only superficial fixes since the site went online in 1975. PARCS uses 1960s-era technology, which is not widely used, and few sources are available for depot-level repair on failed components, Air Force officials say. The PAVE PAWS and BMEWS beam steering unit (BSU), receiver exciter (REX), receiver beam former (RBF), array group driver (AGD), radio frequency monitor (RFM), frequency time standard (FTS), and the corporate feed (CFD) were built for these five radars in the late 1970s and were upgraded in the 1980s, Air Force officials say. The REX and FTS already have been redesigned and upgraded at the Beale Air Force Base, Calif., Fylingdales, England, and Thule, Greenland sites as part of the Upgraded Early Warning Radar (UEWR) programs. They will be upgraded at the Clear, Alaska, and Cape Cod, Mass., sites by 2016 or 2017., officials say. Still, the PAVE PAWS and BMEWS have not upgraded the array front end of these radar systems, and this equipment has been in service without being replaced for More than 20 years and is rapidly nearing obsolescence, which requires a substantial technology-refresh effort. The PARCS signal processing group (SPG) consists of 10 cabinets of equipment with hundreds of unique parts. The SPG generates frequency-modulated pulses for transmission, spectrum inversion, and pulse compression; performs side lobe reduction; as well as compares and processes track signals, multiplexing, and signal conversion. Extensive alignment and maintenance are necessary to maintain proper signal reception and analog digital conversion, Air Force officials explain. http://www.militaryaerospace.com/blogs/aerospace-defense-blog/2013/02/air-force-moving-forward-with-potential-upgrades-to-pave-paws-bmews-and-parcs-missile-defense-rada.html Edited by Flipzi, Mon Jun 2, 2014 8:55 pm.
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Alfred Alexander L. Marasigan Manila, Philippines getflipzi@yahoo.com http://z6.invisionfree.com/flipzi " Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them!" " People don't care what we know until they know we care." | |
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| Flipzi | Mon Jun 2, 2014 8:58 pm Post #10 |
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R.A.T.S.
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![]() Taiwan's PAVE PAWS early warning radar Taiwan's mega-powerful radar system is finally operational 11 MARCH 13 by SPENCER ACKERMAN This weird, sloped 10-story green building gives the tiny island nation of Taiwan something that it's wanted for 15 years: early warning of ballistic missiles and warplanes launched from over 4,800 kilometres away. For Taiwan, it's a must-have. Neighbouring China has over a thousand ballistic and cruise missiles pointed at it. Once launched, the missiles will slam onto the breakaway Chinese province within 10 minutes. Taiwan needs as much early warning as humanly possible if those missiles ever reach the air. This 32-metre system is about as advanced as early-warning radar arrays get. Known as PAVE PAWS, for Phased Array Warning System, the slopes of the building shown above are huge antennas built into the facade. Unlike a mechanical antenna, you don't have to physically aim a phased-array early warning system, as its "beam steering" is done electronically. The system creates a 240-degree virtual eye, allowing Taiwan to see deep into China, and even into Japan and North Korea. Only a handful of countries -- the U.S., Russia, maybe China itself -- have this kind of early-warning system. It's very, very valuable to Taiwan. Constructed on the top of a mountain in the country's north, the Raytheon-built system cost approximately $1.4 billion (£937 million). Purchasing the system from the United States stretches back to the Clinton administration, with lots of setbacks along the way. Taiwan was so freaked out last year when PAVE PAWS popped up on Apple Maps that it prevailed upon Apple to obscure the image of the system. But with little international notice, Taiwan declared its PAVE PAWS operational last month. Air Force Lt. Wu Wan-chiao boasted that Taiwan would now have " more than six minutes' warning in preparation for any surprise attacks." Chances are, it's not just benefiting the Taiwanese. "I would expect the US would have made a deal that the US gets satellite surveillance from the Taiwan radar," Allen Thomson, a former CIA weapons analyst, told Wired.com. "Most of time it's sitting there watching satellites, and that's about it. The US could certainly could use that information." Of course, in an actual war with China, early warning only buys you so much time (minutes, basically). And the PAVE PAWS is an obvious military target for an early wave of a Chinese strike. "It's a very important system, sitting there on a mountain," Thompson continued. "But 10 minutes before it gets blown up, it'll provide warning." This story originally appeared on Wired.com Image: Taiwanese online forum PHOTOS http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-03/11/taiwan-radar/viewgallery/294593 http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-03/11/taiwan-radar Source: http://w11.zetaboards.com/NDSFP/topic/9461267/1/#new Taiwan's Military Facilities http://w11.zetaboards.com/NDSFP/topic/10307891/ Taiwan's Defense and Security Issues http://w11.zetaboards.com/NDSFP/topic/9461267/ Edited by Flipzi, Mon Jun 2, 2014 9:00 pm.
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Alfred Alexander L. Marasigan Manila, Philippines getflipzi@yahoo.com http://z6.invisionfree.com/flipzi " Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them!" " People don't care what we know until they know we care." | |
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