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The arrival of the capsian proto-Mediterraneans, whose traces are not to be found in the most ancient Ibero-Maurusian strata (where only the Mechta-Afalou type is represented), dates back at least to the seventh millennium. this date corresponds approximately to those established for the European Mesolithic on the one hand and the Near Eastern Neolithic on the other.

The descriptions which have been made of Southern European Mesolithic people - notably of the Mugem Portuguese and of the people of the Pyrenees area - differ in many ways from those of the North African proto-Mediterraneans. These people were characterized particularly be skeletons which were not very robust, exhibiting small stature, low orbits, and natural cranial capacity - all of which are traits which are not found in the people of the upper Capsian of Ibera. these latter on the other hand seem to be more comparable to the desciptions of the robust proto-Mediterraneans who were widely spread about in Neolithic times in some areas of the Near East. these proto-Mediterraneans, it might be noted, were already prevalent in an earlier era of history in the Natufian area of Palestine. There seems to be no doubt that the origin of the North African proto-Mediterraneans should be researched in the eastern part of the Mediterranean basin. a certain number of common characteristics is in fact apparent in skeletons from North Africa and the Near East: tendency toward large stature and toward a certain general hardiness in the males, increased cranial capacity, dolicho- or slight mesocephalism associated with an elongated face or one of medium height, certain occasional prognathism, great deveopment of the mandible (whose vertical branch exhibits a particular morphology.

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The latter element is characterized by a rather slight stature, dolichocephalism, facial area with variable height but unusual length, and a rather remarkable characteristic, prognathism, which is sometimes quite pronounced and without which the set of morphological traits would not exhibit any Negroid characteristics at all.

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The Mediterranean element is always the major one, making up about three-quarters of the population, and it appears to have three recognizable variants: (1) an Ibero-Insular type whose characteristics essentially are a certain gracility, small to medium stature, and dolichocephalism, accompanied by an elongated or average-height face; (2) an Atlanto-Mediterranean type, just as well represented as Type 1, whose characteristics include more hardiness, great stature and dolicho- or mesocephalism, with a long to very long face; (3) finally, a type called "Saharan," rather infrequent, and with the characteristics of increased stature, dolichocephalism, and a face which is long to very long.